National Central University | Recommended by Assoc. Prof. Cheng Lin

Associate Professor Cheng Lin from the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering at National Central University shares the principles and applications of Photobiomodulation (PBM).


 

Recommended by Professor Wu Tung-Sheng, the "Father of Chiropractic Care."

The Director of Conditioning and Healthcare Technology at Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management shares the benefits of laser wellness.

    

What is Photobiomodulation (PBM)?

 

Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is a treatment method that uses specific wavelengths of light to irradiate biological tissue in order to regulate cell function, promote tissue repair, and treat diseases.

Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is a form of PBM where the laser power is below 500mW, referred to as LLLT (low-level laser therapy) or low-power laser. It uses laser light to replace the metal needles of acupuncture and has a history of nearly fifty years.

Applying Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBM) to acupoints is "laser acupuncture," a technology used to promote the body's healing functions, relieve pain, and reduce inflammation, and it is also one of the rapidly developing medical treatment techniques today.

 

By utilizing photobiomodulation stimulation between 600nm and 950nm to achieve desired effects, it can penetrate tissues and cells beneath the epidermis to metabolize, regulate cell function, stimulate cell proliferation, etc., completely without damaging tissue. Through a series of autologous physiological changes, it achieves anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing effects. It is a non-invasive, safe, and painless physical therapy. In addition to being widely used in physical and rehabilitation treatments, its applications have expanded into various other medical fields, including stroke, myocardial infarction, brain diseases, and traumatic brain injury (TBI).

What is Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
Principle of Photobiomodulation (PBM)

Principle of Photobiomodulation (PBM)

 

According to a research study published in 2013 by a team from Harvard Medical School ("Low-Level Laser therapy in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring"), photobiomodulation primarily works by having mitochondrial pigments absorb red and near-infrared light (specifically cytochrome c oxidase - CCO in the respiratory chain), causing inhibitory nitric oxide to dissociate from CCO, thereby enhancing enzyme activity, intracellular electron transport, promoting mitochondrial respiration, and increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. These actions alter the redox state of the cell, induce the activation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways, and promote cell proliferation, survival, tissue repair, and regeneration.

Comparison of Photobiomodulation (PBM) with Low-Frequency, Far-Infrared, and Graphene Therapies

 

Low-frequency, far-infrared, and graphene therapies only temporarily suppress pain, treating the symptoms rather than the root cause. Unlike other therapies, Photobiomodulation (PBM) promotes healing without causing bodily harm. Unlike high-intensity pulsed light or laser light that passes through outer layers to cause controlled damage to stimulate collagen regeneration for improving skin appearance, treatment involves no pain, heat, or discomfort, and to date, no significant side effects have been reported.

 

  • Low-Frequency Therapy: Stimulates other areas to mask the original pain; the pain returns once use is stopped.
  • Far-Infrared Therapy: Uses warmth to temporarily trick the brain's pain perception; the pain returns once use is stopped.
  • Graphene Therapy: Uses warmth to temporarily trick the brain's pain perception; the pain returns once use is stopped. It has high production costs, is difficult to mass-produce, and has many counterfeit products on the market.
  • Comparison between Photobiomodulation and Low-Frequency, Far-Infrared, and Graphene Therapies

    References

    - Relieving Pain & Inflammation -

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    3.Sammons T, Gair K, Silverman RG, Shanks S. Assessing the Impact of High Photon Energy Wavelengths on the Treatment of Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2023 Oct 4;2023:6672019. doi: 10.1155/2023/6672019. PMID: 37829623; PMCID: PMC10567292.

    4.Lin YP, Su YH, Chin SF, Chou YC, Chia WT. Light-emitting diode photobiomodulation therapy for non-specific low back pain in working nurses: A single-center, double-blind, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Aug 7;99(32):e21611. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021611. PMID: 32769919; PMCID: PMC7592994.

    5.Tehrani MR, Nazary-Moghadam S, Zeinalzadeh A, Moradi A, Mehrad-Majd H, Sahebalam M. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain, disability, pressure pain threshold, and range of motion in patients with myofascial neck pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lasers Med Sci. 2022 Dec;37(9):3333-3341. doi: 10.1007/s10103-022-03626-9. Epub 2022 Aug 13. PMID: 35962884.

    -Promotes hair growth-

    Literature Related to Hair Care, Health, and Maintenance:

    1.Ryu HS, Abueva C, Padalhin A, Chung P, Woo SH. Low-level laser therapy in androgenetic alopecia: narrative review. Medical Lasers 2023;12:11-17. https://doi.org/10.25289/ML.23.008

    2.Kim JH, Son HS, Yu DA, Choe YB, Lee YW. Assessment of Effects of Low-Level Light Therapy on Scalp Condition and Hair Growth. Indian J Dermatol. 2023 Jul-Aug;68(4):487. doi: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_59_23. PMID: 37822401; PMCID: PMC10564188.

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    - Supports cellular repair & regeneration -

    Literature Related to Post-Workout Recovery and Accelerated Wound Healing:

    1.Malik S, Sharma S, Dutta N, Khurana D, Sharma RK, Sharma S. Effect of low-level laser therapy plus exercise therapy on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and function in knee osteoarthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Somatosens Mot Res. 2023 Mar;40(1):8-24. doi: 10.1080/08990220.2022.2157387. Epub 2022 Dec 28. PMID: 36576096.

    2.Luo WT, Lee CJ, Tam KW, Huang TW. Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Muscular Performance and Soreness Recovery in Athletes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Health. 2022 Sep-Oct;14(5):687-693. doi: 10.1177/19417381211039766. Epub 2021 Aug 25. PMID: 34428975; PMCID: PMC9460079.

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    - Relief for tinnitus & rhinitis-

    Literature Related to Nasal Allergies and Tinnitus:

    1.Kang JW, Lim JA, Lee HC, Park JH, Han SH. Treatment Effect of Phototherapy with Low-Level Energy in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: A Single-Arm Observational Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Jan 26;59(2):226. doi: 10.3390/medicina59020226. PMID: 36837427; PMCID: PMC9958624.

    2.Park SR, Han Y, Lee SJ, Lee KI. Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in a Rabbit Model of Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 1;24(1):760. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010760. PMID: 36614203; PMCID: PMC9820841.

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    - Promotes better sleep -

    Literature Related to Blood Circulation, Tissue Hypoxia Improvement, and Cold Hands and Feet:

    1.Podogrodzki J, Lebiedowski M, Szalecki M, Kępa I, Syczewska M, Jóźwiak S. Wpływ niskoenergetycznej laseroterapiina skorny przepływ krwi [Impact of low level laser therapy on skin blood flow]. Dev Period Med. 2016 Jan-Mar;20(1):40-6. Polish. PMID: 27416624.

    2.Momenzadeh S, Abbasi M, Ebadifar A, Aryani M, Bayrami J, Nematollahi F. The intravenous laser blood irradiation in chronic pain and fibromyalgia. J Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Winter;6(1):6-9. PMID: 25699161; PMCID: PMC4329142.

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    -Healthy skin -

    Literature Related to Acne Treatment Research:

    1.Rathod D, Foroughi A, Mekokishvili L, Wollina U, Lotti T, Rajan A, Goldust M. A cross-sectional, multi-center study on treatment of facial acne scars with low-energy double-pass 1450-nm diode laser. Dermatol Ther. 2020 May;33(3):e13326. doi: 10.1111/dth.13326. Epub 2020 Mar 31. PMID: 32208551.

    2.Chu GY, Huang CC, Shih NH, Hsu CH, Wu CY. The 1450-nm Diode Laser Reduces Redness and Porphyrin Density: An Image-Based, Patient-Oriented Appraisal. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 5;12(13):4500. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134500. PMID: 37445535; PMCID: PMC10342391.

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